AZA Coraciiformes Taxon Advisory Group
Regional Collection Plan
Approved, November 1998
Current revision: July 1999
Chair: Christine Sheppard
Wildlife Conservation Society/Bronx Zoo
2300 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10460
TAG Definition
TAG Objectives
Taxonomic Authorities
Space Data and Analysis
Criteria For Program Categories
Program Categories
Program Recommendations
Action Plan Priorities
References
Recommended and Existing SSP/PMP Species and Population Targets
Recommended New and Model Species and Population Targets
Taxon Information Summaries
SSP Action Plan Priorities
The Coraciiformes TAG covers all species in the order Coraciiformes.
Hornbills
The Hornbill SSP, EEP and Specialist group have recommended using the taxonomy published by Alan Kemp (1996). While there is no universal agreement on any description of the Bucerotidae, this is comprehensive and the only widely available reference.
Motmots
Motmot taxonomy has not been a subject of dispute. Species are listed in Fry et al, but not described. Descriptions can be found in De Schauensee (1970).
Other taxa
For all other families, we used the monograph Kingfishers, Bee-eaters and Rollers, by Fry et al (1992).
ISIS data, supplemented by studbook data when available, was used to estimate space now occupied by Coraciiform species. Different families are evaluated separately, as management requirements are often non-overlapping. While available space is important for all bird programs, space limitations for Coraciiformes are generally less significant than lack of techniques for reliable propagation. It should be possible to increase space for most high priority species, as these overlap in requirements with many low priority taxa and many taxa are commonly kept in group aviaries. We must develop a strategy for Hornbills, as these are long-lived birds, generally kept separately, and there is potential for the population to expand more rapidly than space is available. The current population of all Coraciiformes, based on data from ISIS, Feb. 1997, for U.S. only, is 1,167 individuals. The sum of population target numbers for recommended programs is 1,070.
PARTIAL BREAKDOWN:
A. ROLLERS (CORACIIDAE) 152 individuals -- approximately 76 management spaces
Numbers of Common or Important Species:
B. MOTMOTS (MOMOTIDAE) 65 individuals -- approximately 32 management spaces
Numbers of Common or Important Species:
C. KINGFISHERS 329 individuals -- approximately 125 management spaces
ALCEDINIDAE 13 individuals
DACELONIDAE 316 individuals
Numbers of Common or Important Species:
D. BEE-EATERS (MEROPIDAE) 136 individuals -- approximately 18 management spaces
Numbers of Common or Important Species:
E. HOOPOES 20 individuals -- approximately 5 management spaces
Numbers of Common or Important Species:
F. WOODHOOPOES 20 individuals -- approximately 3 management spaces
Numbers of Common or Important Species:
G. HORNBILLS 445 individuals -- approximately 200 management spaces
Numbers of Common or Important Species:
CRITERIA FOR PROGRAM CATEGORIES
The following criteria were used in establishing taxon priorities for programs within the Coraciiformes. The types of programs are varied and not all criteria listed apply to every category, or are of equal importance to any single category. Criteria were used to guide discussion and help make decisions but there was no attempt to assign numerical rankings or develop indices.
The number of endangered, interesting and available Coraciiform taxa exceeds the limits of the space and manpower resources available for managed programs. Different kinds of programs require different levels of resources and activity, however. In order to optimize our ability to achieve the goals set for the TAG, we used the criteria described above to evaluate each taxon and assign it to one of the categories defined below. As time inevitably brings change, these assignments should not be considered permanent.
A decision tree approach was used to make species by species recommendations.
Because of resource limitations, not all specimens in any given collection will be part of active management programs. In fact, the majority of Coraciiform taxa were not recommended for a specific type of management. These taxa may still be important to exhibition and education functions of zoos, and the category 'not recommended for management program' should not be confused with 'phase out', assigned to birds which are taking space needed for an active program. Non-managed species comprise that proportion of every collection for which it is impossible to provide more than good housing, care and support.
In most cases, programs were recommended only when a coordinator could be identified. In a few cases, where the probability was high that recruitment of a coordinator would be successful, programs without coordinators were recommended. These will be re-evaluated if coordinators cannot be located.
Positive management
SSP: species needing intensive, team management for biological or political reasons:
PMP -- usually good exhibit species, needing management to increase population numbers or maintain stable numbers
Model/research: common species which can be used to develop techniques for management of related (or otherwise similar) rare and threatened forms.
Proposed new program: High priority species not existing in collections, which might be acquired -- this could require initial captive work in the range country, a special collecting trip etc.
In situ: TAG supports programs for this species in its home range
Negative management
Phase out: takes up space needed for species with higher priority. Inhibit breeding, replace with other species
Exhibit/Education
Not recommended for active management -- use for education/display
PROGRAM RECOMMENDATIONS: CORACIIFORMES TAXON PRIORITIES AND PROGRAMS
Appendix I lists each species and some subspecies within the Coraciiformes and the program category to which it was assigned. Because the total number of taxa is substantially greater than the number of recommended managed programs, a summary of programs is provided below, for each family within the group.
Coraciidae: Rollers -- 12 species, 2 genera. Rollers are an extremely popular exhibit group, generally common in the wild. The Lilac Breasted Roller Coracias caudata, was the first species approved for a studbook on the basis of its exhibit value. However, this bird is probably the most aggressive in its family, established more by historical accident than design. Because other Roller species can more readily be kept together and with non-Roller species, it was recommended that we plan to develop programs for two or more other species, at least one African form and one Asian form. As no other species exists in sufficient numbers for management, availability over the next several years will determine the choices. Until other species are identified, the Lilac Breasted Roller will be managed as a PMP. Tim Snyder, Lilac Breasted Roller studbook keeper, will coordinate.
Taxon |
Program category |
Coracias caudata |
PMP |
Coracias cyanogaster |
PMP (as of July, 1999) |
Brachypteraciidae: Ground Rollers -- 5 species, 3 genera. These poorly known Madagascar endemics are unrepresented in ISIS zoo collections. All are rare or vulnerable. It was decided that we should work with the Madagascar FIG, to target one or more species as possible models for captive management. It may be recommended that field study be the first step. Mike Macek will coordinate.
Taxon |
Program category |
Brachypteraciidae |
Proposed new program |
Leptosomidae: Cuckoo Roller -- one species
Endemic to the Comoro Islands. Not in collections and unlikely to become available.
Taxon |
Program category |
Leptosomus discolor |
No program at this time |
Momotidae: Motmots -- 8 species, 6 genera. This neotropical group are attractive exhibit species; most are fairly common. All are poorly represented in collections except Momotus momota, the Blue-crowned Motmot. It was agreed that a PMP should be developed for this species. Kevin Graham will coordinate.
Taxon |
Program category |
Momotus momota |
PMP |
Todidae: Todies -- 4 species, one genus. Todies are delicate species, seldom maintained in captivity. There is no conservation justification for developing programs for any Tody species at this time.
Alcedinidae: Kingfishers 22 species, 2 genera
Dacelonidae: Kingfishers 56 species, 8 genera
Cerylidae: Kingfishers 9 species, 3 genera
A review of ISIS data for Kingfishers shows no Cerylidae in collections,
small numbers of one species in the Alcedinidae and several small to moderate
populations in the Dacelonid genera Dacelo and Halcyon. The most likely explanation
for this is that the Dacelonids are 'sit-and-wait' predators of small ground
animals, easier to transfer to artificial diets than the fish feeding Cerylidae
and the insect and fish eating Alcedinidae.
It was agreed that the Kookaburra, a popular exhibit species, should be recommended for PMP level management, coordinated by Mark Meyers. The Guam Kingfisher, Halcyon c. cinnamomina, is already a subject of SSP level management and this will be continued. This species is of special interest largely because the program is an attempt to rescue an extinct island endemic, and therefore has a high public profile. The SSP has recommended establishing a model population of the subspecies, H. c. pelewensis, to help answer questions about management. Beth Bahner directs this program. Finally, it was agreed that it would be valuable to develop management protocols for a non-Dacelonid Kingfisher. A group of Pied Kingfishers is expected at the San Diego Zoo, and this will be designated a model population, coordinated by Dave Remlinger.
Taxon |
Program category |
Dacelo novaeguinea |
PMP |
Halcyon c. cinnamomina |
SSP |
Halcyon c. pelewensis |
Model |
Ceryl rudis |
Model |
Meropidae: Bee-eaters -- 24 species, 3 genera. Until recently, Bee-eaters have been uncommon in collections; as aerial insectivores, they are difficult to accustom to a captive diet. In the last five years, however, their numbers have increased and zoos have begun to solve the problems inherent in their management. As brightly colored, colonial birds with open habits, their potential for exhibit/education is high. The two species most common in collections, the Carmine and White-throated, were designated as model species, coordinated by Marcia Arland and Martin Vince.
Taxon |
Program category |
Merops n. nubicus |
Model |
Merops albicollis |
Model |
Upupidae: Common Hoopoe -- 1 species, 1 genus. The Common Hoopoe is an extremely desirable exhibit bird, now in low numbers in US collections. Because of high interest, it was designated for a proposed new program; recruitment of a coordinator will be the first step.
Taxon |
Program category |
Upupa epops |
Proposed new program |
Phoeniculidae: Woodhoopoes -- 2 species, 2 genera. The Green Woodhoopoe is a good exhibit species with an interesting natural history. It has existed in collections in significant numbers in the past, but has been nearly lost through lack of management. The species is not rare and it should be possible to re-establish it. Ric Urban will coordinate.
Taxon |
Program category |
Phoeniculus purpureus |
PMP |
Bucerotidae: Hornbills -- 54 species, 9 genera. Among the Coraciiformes, the Hornbills are most commonly found in collections and include the most rare and endangered forms. In some taxonomies, they are considered a separate order. Their unusual nesting habits and the fact that many species are large and spectacular have made them of special interest. However, in general they do not breed reliably and have small clutch sizes. Developing techniques for improving reproduction and husbandry is a high priority.
The Trumpeter and Silvery Cheeked Hornbills are good exhibit birds, but low priority species. Because several pairs have begun to reproduce well, there is concern that this population could become large, taking over spaces needed by high priority forms. For this reason, these species were recommended for a PMP. DiAnn Roberts, from Kansas City Zoo, will coordinate.
The Pied Hornbills are a group where some taxonomic confusion exists. A program for this group is being developed by the EEP. It was recommended that we determine exactly which species and subspecies are represented in our collections, before further recommendations are made. Lee Shoen will coordinate.
Small numbers of several species of Penelopides Hornbills exist, primarily in the collection at San Diego. Because many members of this genus are endangered, and field work has begun in the Philippines, it was agreed to consider these populations as models. Mike Mace will coordinate.
The genus Aceros includes many endangered forms and several significant captive populations. It was recommended that a PMP be developed for at least three species, possibly the entire genus. Eric Kowalczyk will coordinate.
The Great Hornbill, Buceros bicornis has a functioning SSP. Many management problems remain to be resolved with this species, but progress has been made in the last ten years. The congeneric Buceros rhinoceros is a dramatic species which exists in moderate numbers and competes directly with the Great Hornbill for space. There are also problems with distinguishing and identifying subspecies of B. rhinoceros. It was recommended that this species be managed as a PMP. Wendy Worth will coordinate.
Several species of the genus Tocus exist in moderate to significant numbers in collections and also in the private sector. Their value as exhibit birds is relatively high, although their conservation need is low. In general, they do not compete for space for larger, more threatened taxa. In order to ensure continuation of these populations for exhibition, a PMP was recommended for the two most common, coordinated by Kim Smith.
Both species of Ground Hornbills are good exhibit birds and work on wild biology, captive husbandry and release are taking place in South Africa. It was recommended that the existing studbook be upgraded to a PMP, coordinated by Celia Falzone.
Taxon |
Program category |
Ceratogymna bucinator |
PMP pending |
Ceratogymna brevis |
PMP pending |
Penelopides panini |
Model |
Penelopides exarhatus |
Model |
Penelopides affinis |
Model |
Aceros corrugatus |
PMP pending |
Aceos undulatus |
PMP pending |
Aceros cassidix |
PMP pending |
Buceros bicornis |
SSP |
Buceros rhinoceros |
PMP |
Tockus erythrorynchus |
PMP |
Tockus deckeni |
PMP |
Bucorvus abyssinicus |
PMP |
Bucorvus leadbeateri |
PMP |
ACTION PLAN PRIORITIES
(* indicates funding priority)
Create poster for use in field education efforts [complete]
Create database of Hornbill diet items and nutritional analysis [in progress]
Produce joint EEP/SSP/TAG/Specialist Group Hornbill newsletter [first issue due summer '98]
* Produce and distribute husbandry manuals for priority species [Preliminary work started]
* Expand MBA Hornbill work to EEP and Asian collections [Draft questionnaire under review]
* Investigate socialization and pair formation with groups of captive hatched chicks
Establish model population of Halcyon cinnamomina pelewensis
Establish model population of Ceryl rudis
Create Hornbill listserv [listserv created for all Coraciiformes]
Create Bee-eater listserv
Support Hornbill web page
Improve handrearing protocols
Identify important characteristics of artificial nests for Hornbills
Complete Guam Kingfisher nutrition recommendations
Develop standard formats to record husbandry information
Support field studies of seasonal and species variation in Hornbill diet
Support field studies of use of artificial Hornbill nest sites
Support field studies of Hornbill life histories
De Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer, 1970. A guide to the Birds of South America. Livingston Publishing Co., Wynnewood, PA, for The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Fry, C. Hilary, Kathie Fry and Alan Harris, 1992. Kingfishers, Bee-eaters and Rollers. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Kemp, Alan, 1995. The Hornbills. Oxford University Press, New York.
RECOMMENDED (*) AND EXISTING SSP/PMP PROGRAMS
SPECIES/MANAGER |
PROGRAM |
CURRENT |
TARGET |
Lilac-breasted Roller/Snyder |
PMP |
45.40.7 |
25.25 |
Blue-bellied roller/Snyder |
PMP |
5.9 |
25.25 |
Blue-crowned Motmot/Graham |
*PMP |
33.23.7 |
30.30 |
Kookaburra/Meyers |
PMP |
68.71.24 |
50.50 |
Guam Kingfisher/Bahner |
SSP |
39.27.17 |
50.50 |
Green Woodhoopoe |
*PMP |
10.5.10 |
25.25 |
Trumpeter Silvery-Cheeked Hornbill/Roberts |
PMP |
13.19.3 |
10.10 |
Genus Aceros/Kowalczyk |
|||
Sunda Wrinkled Hornbill |
PMP |
14.18.3 |
15.15 |
Mindanao Wrinkled |
Studbook |
6.5.0 |
10.10 |
Sulawesi Wrinkled |
Studbook |
7.7.3 |
10.10 |
Bar-pouched Wreathed |
Studbook |
9.16.9 |
15.15 |
Great Hornbill/Sheppard |
SSP |
29.23.3 |
50.50 |
Rhinoceros Hornbill/Sheppard |
PMP |
7.6.7 |
10.10 |
Red-billed Hornbill (Smith) |
*PMP |
29.25.21 |
30.30 |
Von der Decken's |
*PMP |
18.14.2 |
15.15 |
African Ground Hornbill/Boylan |
PMP |
24.19.13 |
30.30 |
Abyssinian Hbill |
PMP |
23.16.3 |
30.30 |
Recommended New and Model Programs
TAXON |
PROGRAM |
Current |
Target |
Brachypteraciidae |
Phase in |
0.0 |
|
Pelew Kingfisher |
Model |
0.0 |
15.15 |
Pied Kingfisher |
Model |
0.0 |
20.20 |
Carmine Bee-eater |
Model |
25.26.50 |
100.100 |
White-throated " |
Model |
2.5.16 |
25.25 |
Common Hoopoe |
Phase in |
10.5.4 |
30.30 |
Genus Penelopides |
Model |
||
P. panini |
1.1 |
10.10 |
|
P. exarhatus |
4.2 |
5.5 |
STATUS = CONSERVATION STATUS
R = Rare
V = Vulnerable
E = Endangered
C = Critical
NT = Near threatened
Genus |
Species |
Subspecies |
Common Name |
Status |
ISIS/US |
ISIS/Global |
RCP Program |
Family: Coraciidae |
|||||||
Coracias |
garrulus |
European Roller |
4.3/6 |
||||
Coracias |
abyssinica |
Abyssinian Roller |
0.1/1 |
||||
Coracias |
caudata |
Lilac-breasted Roller |
45.40.7/42 |
||||
Coracias |
spatuata |
Racket-tailed Roller |
|||||
Coracias |
naevia |
Rufous-crowned Roller |
|||||
Coracias |
benghalensis |
benghalensis |
Indian Roller |
||||
Coracias |
terminckii |
Celebes Roller |
|||||
Coracias |
cyanogaster |
Blue-bellied Roller |
|||||
Eurystomus |
glaucurus |
Broad-billed Roller |
|||||
Eurystomus |
gularis |
Blue-throated Roller |
|||||
Eurystomus |
orientalis |
orientalis |
Dollar Bird |
||||
Eurystomus |
azureus |
Azure Roller |
|||||
Family: Brachypteraciidae |
|||||||
Brachypteracias |
leptosomus |
Short-legged Ground Roller |
R |
Not recommended |
|||
Brachypteracias |
squamigera |
Scaley Ground Roller |
R |
Not recommended |
|||
Atelornis |
pittoides |
Pitta-like Ground Roller |
R |
Phase in |
|||
Atelornis |
crossleyi |
Crossleys Ground Roller |
R |
Not recommended |
|||
Uratelornis |
chimaera |
Long-tailed Ground Roller |
V |
Not recommended |
|||
Family: Leptosomidae |
|||||||
Leptosomus |
discolor |
Cuckoo Roller |
Not recommended |
||||
Family: Momotidae |
|||||||
Mylomanes |
Momotula |
Tody Motmot |
Not recommended |
||||
Aspatha |
Gularis |
Blue-throated Motmot |
Not recommended |
||||
Electron |
Platyrhynchum |
Not recommended |
|||||
Electron |
Carinatum |
Keel-billed Motmot |
K |
Not recommended |
|||
Eumomota |
Superciliosa |
Turquoise-browed Motmot |
1.0/1 |
1.0/1 |
Not recommended |
||
Baryphthengus |
Ruficapillus |
Rufous Motmot |
1.0/1 |
1.0/1 |
Not recommended |
||
Momotus |
Momota |
Blue-crowned Motmot |
33.23.7/29 |
39.27.16/38 |
PMP |
||
Todidae Todus |
Multicolor |
Cuban Tody |
None |
Not recommended | |||
Todus |
Angustirostris |
Narrow-billed Tody |
Not recommended |
||||
Todus |
Mexicanus |
Puerto Rican Tody |
Not recommended |
||||
Todus |
Todus |
Jamaican Tody |
Not recommended |
||||
Family: Aalcedinidae |
|||||||
Alcedo |
Hercules |
Great Blue |
Not recommended |
||||
Alcedo |
Atthis |
River |
0.1 |
Not recommended |
|||
Alcedo |
Semitorquata |
Half-collared |
Not recommended |
||||
Alcedo |
Quadribrachys |
Shining Blue |
Not recommended |
||||
Alcedo |
Meninting |
Blue-eared |
Not recommended |
||||
Alcedo |
Azurea |
Azure |
Not recommended |
||||
Alcedo |
Websteri |
Bismark |
Not recommended |
||||
Alcedo |
Cyanopecta |
Philippine Pectoral |
Not recommended |
||||
Alcedo |
Argentata |
Silvery |
Not recommended |
||||
Alcedo |
Cristata |
Malachite |
Not recommended |
||||
Alcedo |
Leucogaster |
White-bellied |
Not recommended |
||||
Alcedo |
Coerulescens |
Caerulean |
Not recommended |
||||
Alcedo |
Lepida |
Variable Dwarf |
Not recommended |
||||
Alcedo |
Vintsiodes |
Madagascar Malachite |
Not recommended |
||||
Alcedo |
Erryzona |
Blue-banded |
Not recommended |
||||
Ceyx |
Erithacus |
Oriental Dwarf |
Not recommended |
||||
Ceyx |
Melanurus |
Philippine Dwarf |
Not recommended |
||||
Ceyx |
Fallax |
Celebes Dwarf |
Not recommended |
||||
Ceyx |
Madagascariens |
Madagascar Pygmy |
Not recommended |
||||
Ceyx |
Pictus |
African Pygmy |
3.1.8/5 |
Display |
|||
Ceyx |
Lecontei |
African Dwarf |
Not recommended |
||||
Family: Decelonidae |
|||||||
Lacedo |
Pulchella |
Banded |
Not recommended |
||||
Dacelo |
Novaiguineae |
Laughing Kingfisher |
68.71.24/50 |
117.123.94 |
PMP |
||
Dacelo |
Leachii |
Blue-winged |
2.2/2 |
19.21.10/12 |
Phase out |
||
Dacelo |
Tyro |
Spangled |
Not recommended |
||||
Dacelo |
Gaudichaud |
Rufous-bellied |
0.1/1 |
0.1/1 |
Not recommended |
||
Clytoceyx |
Rex |
Shovel-billed |
Not recommended |
||||
Cittura |
Cyanotis |
Lilac Kingfisher |
Not recommended |
||||
Halcyon |
Amauroptera |
Brown-winged |
Not recommended |
||||
Halcyon |
Capensis |
Stork-billed |
Not recommended |
||||
Halcyon |
Melanorhyncha |
Celebes Stork-billed |
Not recommended |
||||
Halcyon |
Coromanda |
Ruddy Kingfisher |
Not recommended |
||||
Halcyon |
Badia |
Chocolate-backed |
Not recommended |
||||
Halcyon |
Smyrnesis |
White-breasted |
6.8/8 |
6.10.1/9 |
Display |
||
Halcyon |
Pileata |
Black-capped |
Not recommended |
||||
Halcyon |
Cyanoventris |
Java |
Not recommended |
||||
Halcyon |
Leucocephala |
Grey-headed |
8.5.2/6 |
8.6.3/7 |
Display |
||
Halcyon |
Senegalensis |
Woodland |
3.1.1/3 |
4.2.10/7 |
Display |
||
Halcyon |
Senegaloides |
African Mangrove |
Not recommended |
||||
Halcyon |
Malimbica |
Blue-breasted |
2.0/1 |
4.1.5/5 |
Display |
||
Halcyon |
Albiventris |
Brown-hooded |
1.2.3/2 |
1.2.3/2 |
Display |
||
Halcyon |
Chelicuti |
Striped |
1.0.0/1 |
1.0.0/1 |
Not recommended |
||
Halcyon |
Chloris |
Mangrove |
10.5.7/10 |
22.12.22/17 |
Display |
||
Halcyon |
Cinnamomina |
Micronesian |
Not recommended |
||||
Halcyon |
Cinnamomina |
cinnamomina |
Guam |
39.27.17/13 |
39.27.17/13 |
Not recommended |
|
Halcyon |
Cinnamomina |
pelewensis |
Pelew |
New program |
|||
Halcyon |
Nigrocyanea |
Black-sided |
Not recommended |
||||
Halcyon |
Winchelli |
Winchells |
Not recommended |
||||
Halcyon |
Diops |
Moluccan |
Not recommended |
||||
Halcyon |
Lazuli |
Lazuli |
Not recommended |
||||
Halcyon |
Macleayii |
Forest |
Not recommended |
||||
Halcyon |
Albonotata |
New Britain |
Not recommended |
||||
Halcyon |
Leucopygia |
Ultramarine |
Not recommended |
||||
Halcyon |
Farquhari |
Chestnut-bellied |
Not recommended |
||||
Halcyon |
Pyrrhopygia |
Red-backed |
Not recommended |
||||
Halcyon |
Funebris |
Sombre |
Not recommended |
||||
Halcyon |
Chloris |
Mangrove |
Not recommended |
||||
Halcyon |
Saurophaga |
Beach |
Not recommended |
||||
Halcyon |
Australasia |
Timor |
Not recommended |
||||
Halcyon |
Sanctus |
Sacred |
Not recommended |
||||
Halcyon |
Veneratus |
Tahiti |
Not recommended |
||||
Halcyon |
Tuta |
Pacific |
Not recommended |
||||
Halcyon |
Fulgida |
White-rumped |
Not recommended |
||||
Halcyon |
Torotoro |
Lesser Yellow-billed |
Not recommended |
||||
Halcyon |
Megarhyncha |
Mountain Yellow-billed |
Not recommended |
||||
Melidora |
Macrorrhina |
Hock-billed |
Not recommended |
||||
Actenoides |
Bougainvillei |
Moustached |
Not recommended |
||||
Actenoides |
Concretus |
Hombrons |
Not recommended |
||||
Actenoides |
Lindsayi |
Spotted Wood |
Not recommended |
||||
Actenoides |
Hombroni |
Rufous-collared |
Not recommended |
||||
Actenoides |
Monachus |
Celebes Green |
Not recommended |
||||
Actenoides |
Princeps |
Gegent |
Not recommended |
||||
Tanysiptera |
Hydrococharis |
Aru Paradise |
Not recommended |
||||
Tanysiptera |
Galatea |
Common Paradise |
Not recommended |
||||
Tanysiptera |
Carolinae |
Numfor Paradise |
Not recommended |
||||
Tanysiptera |
Nympha |
Rufous-breasted Paradise |
Not recommended |
||||
Tanysiptera |
Danae |
Brown-headed paradise |
Not recommended |
||||
Tanysiptera |
Sylvia |
Buff-breasted |
Not recommended |
||||
Family: Cerylidae |
|||||||
Magaceryle |
maxima |
Giant |
Not recommended |
||||
Magaceryle |
Lugubris |
Crested |
Not recommended |
||||
Magaceryle |
Alcyon |
Ringed |
Not recommended |
||||
Magaceryle |
Torquata |
Belted |
Not recommended |
||||
Ceryle |
Rudie |
Pied |
Model |
||||
Chloroceryle |
Amazona |
Amazon |
Not recommended |
||||
Chloroceryl |
Americana |
Green |
Not recommended |
||||
Chloroceryle |
Inda |
Green-and-rufous |
Not recommended |
||||
Chloroceryle |
aaenea |
American Pygmy |
Not recommended |
||||
Family: Meropidae |
|||||||
Myctyornis |
Amictus |
Red-bearded |
|||||
Myctyornis |
Aathertoni |
Blue-bearded |
|||||
Merops |
forsteni |
Celebes |
|||||
Merops |
Gularis |
Black |
|||||
Merops |
Muelleri |
Blue-headed |
|||||
Merops |
Bulocki |
Red-throated |
1.1.7/1 |
1.1.7/1 |
|||
Merops |
Bullockoides |
White-fronted |
0.0.4/1 |
0.0.11/4 |
|||
Merops |
Pusillus |
Little |
0.0 |
1.0.2/2 |
|||
Merops |
Variegatus |
Blue-breasted |
|||||
Merops |
Oreobates |
Cinnamon-chested |
|||||
Merops |
Hirundinaceus |
Swallow-tailed |
|||||
Merops |
Breweri |
Black-headed |
|||||
Merops |
Revoilii |
Somali |
|||||
Merops |
Albicollis |
White-throated |
2.5.16/4 |
4.7.23/8 |
|||
Merops |
Orientalis |
Little Green |
|||||
Merops |
Boehmi |
Boehms |
|||||
Merops |
Viridis |
Blue-throated |
0.0 |
0.0.1/1 |
|||
Merops |
Superciliosus |
Madagascar |
|||||
Merops |
Ornatus |
Rainbow |
0.0 |
4.3.2/3 |
|||
Merops |
Aspiaster |
European |
|||||
Merops |
Leschenaulti |
Bay-headed |
|||||
Merops |
Malimbicus |
Rosy |
|||||
Merops |
Nubicus |
Nubicus |
Carmine |
23.26.50/11 |
27.29.50 |
||
Merops |
Nubicus |
Nubicoides |
0.0.1/1 |
0.0.2/2 |
|||
Family: Upupidae |
|||||||
Upupa |
Epops |
Saturata |
10.5.4/2 |
10.5.4/2 |
|||
Family: Phoeniculidae |
|||||||
Phoeniculus |
Purpureus |
Green Wodhoopoe |
10.5.5 |
14.10.14 |
PMP |
||
Rhinopamastus |
Scimitar-billed |
Not recommended |
|||||
Family: Bucerotidae |
|||||||
Ceratogmna |
Elata |
Yellow-casqued Wattled |
NT |
Not recommended |
|||
Ceratogyma |
Atrata |
Black-casqued Wattled |
Not recommended |
||||
Ceratogyma |
Fistulator |
Piping |
Not recommended |
||||
Ceratogyma |
Fistulator |
Fistulator |
Not recommended |
||||
Ceratogyma |
Fistulator |
Sharpii |
Not recommended |
||||
Ceratogyma |
Bucinator |
Trumpeter |
13.19.3/11 |
30.36.12/29 |
PMP |
||
Ceratogyma |
cylindricus |
Brown-cheeked |
NT |
||||
Ceratogyma |
Cylindricus |
Cylindricus |
|||||
Ceratogyma |
Cylindricus |
Albotibialis |
|||||
Ceratogyma |
subcylindricus |
Gray-cheeked |
1.1.1/2 |
3.5.1/5 |
Not recommended |
||
Ceratogyma |
Subcylindricus |
Subcylindricus |
|||||
Ceratogyma |
Subcylindricus |
Subquadratus |
|||||
Ceratogyma |
Brevis |
Slivery-cheeked |
11.12/10 |
11.12/10 |
PMP |
||
Anthracoceros |
Coronatus |
Indian Pied |
NT |
7.8.0/6 |
7.8.0/6 |
Display |
|
Anthracoceros |
Albirostris |
Oriental Pied |
NL |
Display |
|||
Anthracoceros |
Albirostris |
Albirostris |
7.9.3/8 |
10.14.4/11 |
Display |
||
Anthracoceros |
Albirostris |
Convexus |
0.0.0 |
0.2.0 |
|||
Anthracoceros |
Malayanus |
Malay Black |
NT |
4.3.0/4 |
8.6.2/7 |
Display |
|
Anthracoceros |
Montani |
Sulu |
C |
Not recommended |
|||
Anthracoceros |
Marchei |
Palawan |
NL |
Not recommended |
|||
Anorrhinus |
Tichelli |
Tickells Brown |
NT |
2.1/1 |
2.1/1. |
Model |
|
Anorrhinus |
Austeni |
Austens Brown |
NL |
Not recommended |
|||
Anorrhinus |
Galeritus |
Bushy-crested |
NL |
0.1.0/1 |
0.1.0/1 |
Model |
|
Penelopides |
Panini |
Visayan Tarictic |
C |
1.1.0 |
Model |
||
Penelopides |
Panini |
Panini |
|||||
Penelopides |
Panini |
Ticaensis |
|||||
Penelopides |
Exarhatus |
Sulawesi Tartictic |
NL |
||||
Penelopides |
Exarhatus |
Exarhatus |
NL |
1.1/2 |
Model |
||
Penelopides |
Exarhatus |
Sanfordi |
NL |
3.2/2 |
Model |
||
Penelopides |
Manillae |
Luzon Tarictic |
NT |
Not recommended |
|||
Penelopides |
Manillae |
Manillae |
NT |
||||
Penelopides |
Manillae |
Subnigra |
NT |
||||
Penelopides |
Affinis |
Mindanao Tarictic |
NT |
Not recommended |
|||
Penelopides |
Affinis |
Affinis |
NT |
||||
Penelopides |
Affinis |
Samarensis |
NT |
1.0.0/1 |
|||
Penelopides |
Affinis |
Basilanica |
NT |
||||
Penelopides |
Mindorensis |
Mindoro Tarictic |
E |
Not reconnended |
|||
Aceros |
Comatus |
White-crowned |
NL |
2.3.1/3 |
Display |
||
Aceros |
Nipalensis |
Rufous-necked |
V |
Not recommended |
|||
Aceros |
Corragatus |
Sunda Wrinkled |
V |
14.18.3/14 |
PMP |
||
Aceros |
Leucocephalus |
Mindanao Wrinkled |
E |
6.5.0/5 |
8.8.0/7 |
PMP |
|
Aceros |
Waldeni |
Visayan Wrinkled |
CC |
Not recommended |
|||
Aceros |
Cassidix |
Sulawesi Wrinkled |
NL |
7.7.3/6 |
9.11.3/9 |
PMP |
|
Aceros |
Narcondami |
Narcondam |
V |
Not recommended |
|||
Aceros |
Undulatus |
Bar-pouched Wreathed |
NL |
9.16.4/12 |
16.25.5/22 |
PMP |
|
Aceros |
Subruficollis |
Plain-pouched |
V |
2.1.0/2 |
2.1.0/2 |
Not recommended |
|
Aceros |
Everetti |
Sumba |
V |
Not recommended |
|||
Aceros |
Plicatus |
Papuan Wreathed |
NL |
7.6.0/6 |
10.8.1/10 |
PMP |
|
Aceros |
Plicatus |
Plicatus |
NL |
Not recommended |
|||
Aceros |
Plicatus |
Ruficollis |
NL |
1.0.0/1 |
1.1.0/2 |
Not recommended |
|
Aceros |
Plicatus |
Jungei |
NL |
Not recommended |
|||
Aceros |
Plicatus |
Dampieri |
NL |
Not recommended |
|||
Aceros |
Plicatus |
Harterti |
NL |
Not recommended |
|||
Aceros |
Plicatus |
Mendanae |
NL |
Not recommended |
|||
Buceros |
Rhinoceros |
Great Rhinoceros |
NL |
||||
Buceros |
Rhinoceros |
Rhinoceros |
NL |
7.6.0/7 |
10.9.3/12 |
PMP |
|
Buceros |
Rhinoceros |
Borneoensis |
NL |
1.1/1 |
1.1/1 |
PMP |
|
Buceros |
Rhinoceros |
Silvestris |
NL |
4.2/3 |
8.5/6 |
PMP |
|
Buceros |
Bicornis |
Great |
NL |
29.23.3/22 |
50.54.3/47 |
SSP |
|
Buceros |
Hydrocorax |
Great Phillippine |
NT |
||||
Buceros |
hydrocorax |
Hydrocorax |
NT |
0.0 |
1.1.0/1 |
Studbook |
|
Buceros |
Hydrocorax |
Semigaleatus |
NT |
Studbook |
|||
Buceros |
Hydrocorax |
Mindanensis |
NT |
0.1.0 |
0.3.0/3 |
Studbook |
|
Buceros |
Vigil |
Great Helmeted |
NT |
Not recommended |
|||
Tockus |
Alboterminatus |
African Crowned |
1.1/2 |
6.8.1/1 |
Not recommended |
||
Tockus |
Bradfieldi |
Bradfielss |
Not recommended |
||||
Tockus |
Fasciatus |
African Pied |
Not recommended |
||||
Tockus |
Fasciatus |
Fasciatus |
Not recommended |
||||
Tockus |
Fasciatus |
Semifasciatu |
0.0 |
2.2/1 |
Not recommended |
||
Tockus |
Hemprichii |
Hemprichs |
Not recommended |
||||
Tockus |
Pallidirostris |
Pale-billed |
Not recommended |
||||
Tockus |
Nasutus |
African Grey |
3.8.9/5 |
14.15.9/12 |
Not recommended |
||
Tockus |
Nasutus |
Nasutus |
Not recommended |
||||
Tockus |
Nasutus |
Epirhinus |
Not recommended |
||||
Tockus |
Nasutus |
Forskalii |
Not recommended |
||||
Tockus |
Nasutus |
Dorsalis |
Not recommended |
||||
Tockus |
Monteiri |
Monteiros |
Not recommended |
||||
Tockus |
Erythrorynchus |
African Red-billed |
29.25.19/30 |
46.44.33/52 |
PMP |
||
Tocku |
Erythrorynchus |
Erythrorynchus |
3.3.0/1 |
3.3.0/1 |
PMP |
||
Tocku |
Erythrorynchus |
Rufirostris |
Not recommended |
||||
Tocku |
Erythrorynchus |
Damaaarensis |
Not recommended |
||||
Tocku |
Leucomelas |
S. Yellow-billed |
0.0 |
2.1/1 |
Not recommended |
||
Tocku |
Flavirostris |
E. Yellow-billed |
4.3.4/6 |
5.3.15/9 |
Not recommended |
||
Tocku |
Deckeni |
Von der Deckens |
18.14.2/16 |
23.20.2/19 |
PMP |
||
Tocku |
Deckeni |
Deckeni |
PMP |
||||
Tocku |
Deckeni |
Jacksoni |
9.15/7 |
10.16/8 |
PMP |
||
Tocku |
Hartiaubi |
Dwarf Black |
Not recommended |
||||
Tocku |
Hartiaubi |
Hartlaubi |
Not recommended |
||||
Tocku |
Hartiaubi |
Granti |
Not recommended |
||||
Tocku |
Camurus |
Dwarf Red-billed |
Not recommended |
||||
Tocku |
Albocristatis |
Long-tailed |
0.0.1/1 |
0.0.1/1 |
Not recommended |
||
Tocku |
Albocristatis |
Albocristatis |
Not recommended |
||||
Tocku |
Albocristatis |
Macrourus |
Not recommended |
||||
Tocku |
Albocristatis |
Cassini |
Not recommended |
||||
Ocyceros |
Griseus |
Malabar Grey |
Not recommended |
||||
Ocyceros |
Gingalensis |
Sri Landan Grey |
Not recommended |
||||
Ocyceros |
Birostris |
Indian Grey |
Not recommended |
||||
Bucorvus |
Abyssinicus |
Abyssinian Ground |
24.19.13 |
34.30.23/40 |
PMP |
||
Ocyceros |
Leadbeateri |
African Ground |
23.16.3 |
41.36.5/36 |
PMP |
Buceros bicornis SSP: Action Priorities
Goals:
Micronesian Kingfisher Species Survival Plan
Action Plan Priorities
Initiate behavioral ecology study of a related kingfisher
Goals:
Project Manager: Sue Haig, Ph.D., Oregon State University
Project Description and Budget: See "Behavioral Ecology of the Micronesian Kingfisher in the Republic of Palau: Use of a Surrogate Subspecies in the Recovery of Kingfishers from Guam". (S. Haig) Funding for year 1 alloted. Project to begin 9/98; field study 1/99.
Nutrition research
Goals:
Project Manager: Sue Crissey, Ph.D., Brookfield Zoo and Barbara Toddes, Philadelphia Zoo
Project Description and Budget:
Nutritional analysis completed. Remaining goals to be addressed.
Develop systematic mechanism for studying behavior.
Goals:
Project Manager: Aliza Baltz, Ph.D., Philadelphia Zoo
Project Descriptin and Budget: Form and working ethogram complete. Data collection in progress.
Acquisition and allocation of nest cavity video cameras.
Goals:
Develop prototype nest cavity camera setup to monitor egg and nestling.
Obtain funds to purchase camera setups for all participants.
Project Manager: Dave Rimlinger, San Diego Zoo
Project Description and budget: Prototype established at San Diego Wild Animal Park. Budget to be established.
Develop and apply techniques for hormone level analysis
Goals:
Project Manager: Patty McGill, Ph.D., Brookfield Zoo
Project Description & Budget: See Behavioral and Reproductive Endocrinology of Micronesian Kingfishers" (G. Fowler & P. McGill)
Education
Goals
Project Manager: Lanis Petrik, Brookfield Zoo
Project Description & Budget: In process
Research causes of mortality
Goals:
Evaluate with goal of reducing mortality in embryos and young adults.
Project Manager: Don Nichols, DVM, National Zoo (pending acceptance)
tion of project manager
Project Description & Budget: pending
Completion of Husbandry Manual
Goals:
Project Manager: Beth Bahner, Philadelphia Zoo
Project Description & Budget: Husbandry Manual to be completed and distributed 8/98.
NOTE: When conditions are favorable, pre-conditioning of birds for release will become an Action Plan priority. See Micronesian Kingfisher SSP Action Plan: Reintroduction
Beth Bahner, Species Coordinator, AZA Micronesian Kingfisher SSP
Priorities established at the mid-year Micronesian Kingfisher SSP meeting 4/97, Phoenix, AZ. Updated 9/98.